1.) What is the maximum amount Ginger Logan can borrow today if it must be repaid in 8months with?

Please, only one question per post.

I suggest you buy a financial calculator. It's only ten bux or less and it comes with a book that explains how such things are calculated. You need to get that process in your head. It's not hard to learn, you just fight with it until you start to feel like you have seen it before.

#1 -- Final value = $13,000, 8 payment periods, 9% interest.

If you borrow something at 9% interest, the balance at the end of the first period is:
FV = PV x 1.09 where 1.09 is what 9% means.

I am assuming 9% per period. If it is 9% per year, you have to divide by 12 to get a monthly rate.

At the end of the second period:
FV = PV x 1.09 x 1.09 which is the same as FV = PV x (1.09)^2

At the end of the Nth period:
FV = PV x (1.09)^N

Now you want to solve for PV, so you divide both sides of the equation by (1.09)^N. You divide both sides of an equation by the same amount and the equation will still be equal.

FV/(1.09)^N = PV

13,000/1.992562642 = $6524.26

I repeat: if you meant interest "per annum" you have to divide by 12 to get the monthly rate. That would be .75% per month or (1.0075)^N and the result would be quite different.